“They dropped a stone next to him so they could frame him, and make it look like he threw stones at them,” Jad’s mother, Safa, said. “You can see it in the video,” she said. “Anyone who watches the video will see.”

Human rights groups say that Israeli soldiers in the West Bank operate with a permissive “open fire” policy under which they frequently shoot people who do not pose an immediate threat to their lives, including children who throw stones in their direction.

Shai Parnes, from the Israeli human rights group B’Tselem, told the BBC that the footage of Jad appeared to show a soldier planting a rock next to him in order to justify the shooting.

“It is hard to determine for certain what we’re seeing – whether it’s a rock and whether they are trying to frame him with it,” Parnes said. “But I think anyone who watches it with an open mind will probably come to that conclusion.”

Such an action would be “abysmal”, Parnes added. “But we have found other cases where Israeli forces, in one way or another, tried after the action to frame a Palestinian. It would not be the first time we’ve seen that on camera.”

When asked specifically about the allegation that the soldier had planted a rock next to Jad, the IDF ignored the question.

Many of the exact circumstances of Jad’s death, including how many times he was shot and when and where he died, remain unclear, because the IDF has refused to return the body and to answer detailed questions about the incident.

It is not uncommon for Israel to refuse to return the bodies of people killed by the IDF – Israeli authorities are reportedly currently withholding the bodies of 776 Palestinians or other nationals accused or suspected of committing attacks.

When asked by the BBC, the IDF declined to say why it was withholding Jad’s body. Jad’s mother, Safa, said the force was either trying to hide something, or simply exercising a form of deliberate cruelty.

“Maybe it is only to provoke our nerves, to exhaust us, to kill our patience,” she said. “But we are patient, and we have hope, and we will keep waiting. Today, tomorrow, or after a hundred years, we will get him back. God willing, we will get him back.”

Alaa Badarna contributed to this report. Photographs by Joel Gunter.